Introduction to Compiler, Phases and passes, Bootstrapping, Finite state machines and regular expressions and their applications to lexical analysis,Implementation  of lexical analyzers,  lexical-analyzer  generator, LEX-compiler, Formal grammars and their  application to syntax analysis, BNF notation,  ambiguity,  YACC.  The  syntactic specification  of programming languages: Context free grammars, derivation and parse trees, capabilities of CFG.

Unit-II 

Basic Parsing Techniques: Parsers, Shift reduce parsing, operator precedence parsing,  top  down parsing,  predictive parsers Automatic Construction  of efficient Parsers: LR  parsers,  the canonical  Collection  of  LR(0)  items,constructing SLR  parsing tables, constructing  Canonical  LR parsing tables,Constructing LALR parsing tables, using ambiguous grammars, an automatic 

 parser generator, implementation  of LR parsing tables, constructing LALR sets of items. 

Unit-III 

Syntax-directed Translation:  Syntax-directed Translation  schemes, Implementation of  Syntax-  directed  Translators,  Intermediate  code,  postfix notation, Parse trees & syntax trees, three address code, quadruple & triples, translation of assignment statements, Boolean expressions, statements that alter the flow of control, postfix translation, translation with a top down parser. 

More about  translation: Array references  in  arithmetic expressions, procedures call, eclarations, case statements.  

Unit-IV 

Symbol Tables: Data structure  for  symbols  tables, representing  scope information.  Run-Time Administration:  Implementation  of simple  stack allocation scheme, storage allocation in block structured language. Error Detection  &  Recovery: Lexical  Phase  errors,  syntactic phase errors 

semantic errors. 

Unit-V 

Introduction to  code optimization: Loop optimization,  the DAG representation of basic blocks, value numbers and algebraic laws, Global Data-Flow analysis. 

References: 

Aho, Sethi & Ullman, "Compiler Design", Addision Wesley.

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